Artifact of the Month: Kwan Gong

By Richard I. Gibson

關羽

Kwan Gong, Guan Sheng, Guan Yu, Guan Gong, Guan Di, Kwan Dai, Kwan Tai, Kuan Ti, Kuan Kung, Wu Ti, Mo Dai, Guan Di, Kuan Yu, Kwan Yu, Quan Yu, Yunchang – however you name him, the red-faced character with a black beard has a long connection with Chinese heritage. The carved wooden statue of him in the Mai Wah Mercantile Collection, part of the loan from the Montana Heritage Commission, was a centerpiece of Chinese culture in Butte for many years.

He was a real historical figure, a general in the civil war that led to the collapse of the Han Dynasty in 220 A.D. He supported his friend the warlord Liu Bei who ruled Shu Han state (around modern Chengdu) during the Three Kingdoms period (220-280). Guan himself died in 219, executed following his capture in the aftermath of the Battle of Fancheng.

His family name was Guan (or Kwan, or Kuan) and the second word is typically a title. Guan Gong means Lord Guan, while other titles include “saintly emperor,” “lord of the magnificent beard,” and “general who rocks the bandits.” Much of his life was romanticized in the 14th-century novel, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, by Luo Guanzhong.

Guan in a 1430 scroll painting
in the Beijing Palace Museum.
Public domain via Wikipedia.

Guan Yu was deified as early as the Sui Dynasty (581–618), and is still popularly worshipped today among the Chinese people. Although sometimes called a god of war, he is worshipped as an indigenous Chinese deity, a bodhisattva and heavenly protector in Buddhist tradition, and as a guardian deity in Taoism and other religious bodies. He is also held in high esteem in Confucianism. His apotheosis grew over centuries. By 1614 the “saintly emperor” title was applied, although he had never been an emperor.

Police stations in Hong Kong today typically contain shrines to Guan, and for many émigrés to America from the Guangdong (Canton) region in the late 19th century, he was the most important community and household deity. The statue in the Mai Wah collection arrived in Butte circa 1905, and resided in the community Joss House that stood on Galena Street north of the intersection with China Alley, at least until the 1920s and perhaps longer. The photo at right, a Smithers photo inside the Joss House and showing the statue of Guan that is now at the Mai Wah Museum, dates to about 1920 and was published in the Montana Standard in 1954. As Butte’s Chinatown declined, many buildings were razed, and the statue of Guan came to the Chinn family, the most prosperous and prominent family in the neighborhood in the late 1920s and onward, to be used as a household deity within the Mai Wah and Wah Chong Tai buildings where the family lived.

Guan has appeared in or been referred to in modern films, both Chinese and Western (including the 1994 comedy, From Beijing with Love), and TV shows, video games, and card games.

Based on online information, including Wikipedia article on Guan Yu.

Artifact of the Month: Quong On Laundry

By Richard I. Gibson

A simple sign connects us to a lot of history.

Quong On started his laundry at 44 West Galena Street about 1898, two years after attempted boycotts succeeded in driving some Chinese businesses out of Butte although the Chinese ultimately won the law suit they brought against boycott organizers.

On occupied a pre-existing laundry that was built about 1891 on the southwest corner of Galena and Colorado Streets (the former Gold Rush Casino and Restaurant fills this space today). In 1890, a laundry, possibly operated by the same predecessor to Quong On, stood in the middle of Colorado Street just south of the intersection with Galena. Streets in this part of town were not fully laid out in the modern grid system, though that happened quickly in the early 1890s.

Quong On continued on that corner until about 1925, when he moved down the block to a pre-1888 house at 122 West Galena. The location today would be the vacant lot west across Dakota Street from the Post Office. The Chinese “hand laundry” was still there in 1957, but out of business by about 1960. The Quong On Laundry was among the last Chinese laundries to operate in Butte. Two on South Arizona Street survived into the 1960s, and the contents of one, Quong Fong, are now on display at the World Museum of Mining.

In March 1904, Quong On (spelled Quon On in the Anaconda Standard for March 20, 1904), together with Quon Fat made headlines: “TWO CHINAMEN WIN OUT—will be permitted to remain in this country.” They were to be deported under the Geary Exclusionary Act, but Quon made the case (with the help of his lawyer, Edwin S. Booth of 600 E. Park) that he was in fact born in San Francisco 19 years earlier and was not subject to the Geary Act of 1892. He said he was orphaned by age 3 and survived with the help of a cousin, who paid his passage to Butte. Both Quon On and Quon Fat were exonerated by Judge Hiram Knowles (U.S. Circuit Court Judge from Missoula), who allowed them to stay in Butte—in On’s case, for nearly 50 more years.

This was one of Judge Knowles' last cases, as he retired from the bench on April 15, 1904, after a 44-year career that included a term on the Supreme Court of the Territory of Montana. 

Resources: City Directories; Sanborn Maps; Anaconda Standard March 20, 1904; Hiram Knowles Wikipedia article. Sign in Mai Wah Collection, photo by Dick Gibson. Image of Booth from Cartoons and Caricatures of Men in Montana, by E.A. Thompson, 1907 (scan by Butte-Silver Bow Public Library).